ABSTRACT
Background: The World Health Organization had declared the release of COVID-19 vaccines in September 2020 and after. mRNA vaccine "Pfizer Biotech” and the adenoviral vector vaccine CoV-19 (AstraZeneca-Oxford) were granted emergency use. Researchers found that effectiveness of AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccine is (70% and 95%) respectively. While the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Sinopharm) is safe, effective (effectiveness more than 50%) as WHO's declared. Sinopharm was the first vaccine that had been administered to Iraqi population. Only 2% of population had been vaccinated despite the efficacy and acceptability of it. Several studies conducted in different countries to assess the effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines and its safety. Aim: This study done to assess the frequency of post vaccination infection with COVID-19 and accompanying signs and symptoms in different vaccine companies that are available in Iraq (Sinopharm, AstraZeneca-Oxford and Pfizer-BioNTech). Patients and methods: The study is a cross-sectional study conducted from 11th November 2021 to 15th March 2022 that included 500 Iraqi persons vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine with either Pfizer, AstraZeneca or Sinopharm, Patients were chosen by Convenient sampling from different Iraqi governorate. All data management and analysis done by manual statistical methods. Results: From total 500 patients participated in the study with full doses vaccination (2 doses as recommended) there were (25%) person get covid-19 infection. Majority of infection occurred after 6 months of 2nd dose. Majority of postvaccination infections with Pfizer vaccine were with mild to moderate symptoms without need hospitalizations in comparison to (5.56%), (3.13%) hospitalizations rate and severe infection post AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccines respectively. Conclusion: Full vaccination of two doses of (Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Sinopharm) are highly effective in decrease the severity of COVID-19 infection signs and symptoms, decrease rate of hospitalizations. High efficacy of Pfizer vaccine than AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccines. © 2023,ournal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities. All Rights Reserved.
ABSTRACT
The global coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) started in 2020 and is still ongoing today. Among the numerous insights the community has learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is the value of robust healthcare inventory management. The main cause of many casualties around the world is the lack of medical resources for those who need them. To inhibit the spread of COVID-19, it is therefore imperative to simulate the demand for desirable medical goods at the proper time. The estimation of the incidence of infections using the right epidemiological criteria has a significant impact on the number of medical supplies required. Modeling susceptibility, exposure, infection, hospitalization, isolation, and recovery in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic is indeed crucial for the management of healthcare inventories. The goal of this research is to examine the various inventory policies such as reorder point, periodic order, and just-in-time in order to minimize the inventory management cost for medical commodities. To accomplish this, a SEIHIsRS model has been employed to comprehend the dynamics of COVID-19 and determine the hospitalized percentage of infected people. Based on this information, various situations are developed, considering the lockdown, social awareness, etc., and an appropriate inventory policy is recommended to reduce inventory management costs. It is observed that the just-in-time inventory policy is found to be the most cost-effective when there is no lockdown or only a partial lockdown. When there is a complete lockdown, the periodic order policy is the best inventory policy. The periodic order and reorder policies are cost-effective strategies to apply when social awareness is high. It has also been noticed that periodic order and reorder policies are the best inventory strategies for uncertain vaccination efficacy. This effort will assist in developing the best healthcare inventory management strategies to ensure that the right healthcare requirements are available at a minimal cost. © 2023 by the authors.
ABSTRACT
In this evidence-based practice paper, we present results from surveys of students in two CS courses offered in Spring 2020 at Virginia Tech, a large, public research university: a programming-intensive CS2-level course and an upper division theory course, Formal Languages and Automata. Spring 2020 was extraordinary as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Universities in the US and across the globe switched to a complete online delivery mode instead of the traditional face-to-face mode. This was challenging to both educators and students, as the transition took place on short notice in the middle of the Spring 2020 semester. We were interested to know those course components students perceived as most beneficial to their learning, before and then after the online transition, and their mode preferences for each regarding online vs. Face-to-Face. By comparing student reactions across courses, we gain insights on which components are easily adapted to online delivery, and which require further innovation. COVID was unfortunate, but gave a rare opportunity to compare students' reflections on F2F instruction with online instructional materials for half of a semester vs. entirely online delivery of the same course during the second half. Although the instruction provided during the second half of the semester may not be the same as what would have been provided had the course been designed as a fully online course from the beginning, it did provide the opportunity for us to acquire insights for future instruction. Results indicated that some course components were perceived to be more useful either before or after the transition, and preferences were not the same for the two courses. Furthermore, to determine what course components need further improvement before transitioning to fully online mode, we computed a logistic regression model. Results indicated that for each course, different course components both before and after the transition significantly affected students' preference of course modality. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2021
ABSTRACT
The biological diversity of SARS-CoV-2 was assessed by investigating the genetic variations of the spike glycoprotein of patients with COVID-19 in Iraq. Sequencing identified fifteen novel nucleic acid variations with a variety of distributions within the investigated samples. The electropherograms of all identified variations showed obvious co-infections with two different viral strains per sample. Most samples exhibited three nonsense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), p.301Cdel, p.380Ydel and p.436del, which yielded three truncated spike glycoproteins, respectively. Network and phylogenetic analyses indicated that all viral infections were derived from multiple viral origins. Results inferred from the specific clade-based tree showed that some viral strains were derived from European G-clade sequences. Our data demonstrated the absence of single-strain infection among all investigated samples in the studied area, which entails a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 in this country. The identified high frequency of truncated spike proteins suggests that defective SARS-CoV-2 depend on helper strains possessing intact spikes during infection. Alternatively, another putative ACE2-independent route of viral infection is suggested. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe co-infection with multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19.